Blood cancer affects the blood, jawbone marrow, and lymphatic scheme, disrupting the production and function of blood cells and platelets. These components are essential to the body’s ability to fight infections, carry oxygen, and control bleeding (Forte et al. 2021, 416).
If you or a loved one has blood cancer, understanding the basics can help you face the challenges ahead. The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (LLS) is dedicated to supporting people with blood cancer through resources, research, and advocacy.
Types of Blood Cancer
There are five chief types of blood cancer: leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma, MPN, and myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood cancers can be divided into subtypes, affecting different blood cell types in various ways.
Leukaemia
Leukaemia is a cancer of the blood then bone core that causes the production of abnormal blood cells. Mainly white blood cells (Dong et al. 2020, 1-11). In the United States, an estimated 456,481 people are living with leukaemia (The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society 2024). These abnormal cells can interfere with the body’s ability to fight contagions and perform other essential functions. Let’s take a closer look at the different types of leukaemia:
- Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL): ALL is the most common type in children, although it can also occur in adults. The disease progresses quickly, which means treatment must begin right away. In acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), the bone marrow produces too many young white blood cells, which crowd out healthy cells, making it harder for the body to fight infections.
- Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML): AML is a fast-growing type affecting immature white blood cells that are essential for fighting infections. These abnormal cells grow out of control, crowding healthy bone marrow cells. Like ALL, AML progresses quickly and usually requires immediate treatment to control the rapid spread of the disease and restore normal blood function.
- Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL): CLL is more common in older people and progresses more slowly than acute leukaemias. It affects a kind of white blood cell called lymphocytes, essential to the immune system. In CLL, the body crops too many abnormal lymphocytes that don’t work correctly, but because the disease progresses slowly, doctors may choose to monitor it closely before starting treatment. Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML): CML affects myeloid cells and is characterized by an overproduction of more mature but abnormal cells. This type of leukaemia progresses more gradually than acute leukaemia, and many people with CML can live with the disease for years with specific treatment to help control the growth of these abnormal cells.
- Hairy cell leukaemia (HCL): HCL is a rare subtype of HCL that gets its name from the “hairy” appearance of the abnormal cells under a microscope. This type usually affects middle-aged adults and progresses slowly. Although rare, there are effective treatments that can control the disease well.
- Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML): CMML is a type of leukaemia that affects both the bone marrow and the blood, causing the body to overproduce monocytes, a white blood cell. This overproduction can interfere with the body’s ability to make healthy blood cells. Juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML): JMML is a rare and aggressive form of leukaemia that affects young children. It involves an overproduction of immature blood cells, which can reason symptoms such as fever, rash, and enlarged lymph nodes or spleen. Early and aggressive treatment is often necessary.
- Large granular lymphocytic leukaemia (LGL): LGL is a rare type affecting large granular lymphocytes, specialized white blood cells that help fight infections. This leukaemia usually progresses slowly.
- Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasia (BPDCN): BPDCN is a scarce and aggressive type of leukaemia that begins in the cells responsible for the immune response, called dendritic cells. This type can present as skin lesions and feast to other body parts, including the lymph nodes and bone marrow. B-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia (B-PLL): B-PLL is a rare and aggressive form of leukaemia that affects B cells, a type of white blood cell complicated in the immune response. It progresses quickly and usually requires immediate treatment to control the spread of abnormal cells.
- T-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia (T-PLL): Similar to B-PLL, T-PLL is a rare, aggressive leukaemia that affects T cells. This type of leukaemia progresses rapidly and can be challenging to treat, so a combination of therapies is often needed to control the disease.
Acute vs. Chronic Leukemia
When considering leukaemia, it is crucial to understand the difference between acute and chronic forms:
Acute leukaemia: develops quickly and requires immediate treatment. They involve the rapid growth of immature blood cells, which crowd out healthy cells and cause your health to deteriorate rapidly if not treated effectively.
Chronic leukaemia often progresses more slowly. They typically involve accumulating more mature, but still abnormal, blood cells, which can cause symptoms to appear more slowly. Chronic blood cancers may or may not require immediate treatment.
This distinction is important because it affects how each type of cancer is managed and treated.
Understanding your or your loved one’s specific type of blood cancer can help you feel more prepared when discussing options with your healthcare providers. Remember, while the terminology may seem overwhelming, you are not alone: resources and support from organizations like LLS are here to guide you every step of the way.
Lymphoma
Lymphoma remains a type of blood melanoma that propositions the lymphatic collection, a crucial part of the immune system responsible for helping the body fight infections and other diseases (Lewis et al. 2021, 34-41). Unlike leukaemia, which primarily affects the blood and bone marrow, lymphoma attacks explicitly the lymphatic system, including the lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid tissues.
The lymphatic system is a vital part of the immune system and works with the circulatory system to help protect the body from infections and other diseases. It includes a net of lymph nodes, vessels, and organs such as the spleen, tonsils, and thymus. These work together to filter harmful substances and produce and transport lymph, a clear fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, particularly lymphocytes.
Lymphoma is generally classified into the following types:
- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a varied group of blood cancers that includes many subtypes, each with its own characteristics and treatment needs. Some of the most common subtypes are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), marginal zone lymphoma (MZL), and Burkitt lymphoma. NHL is more common than Hodgkin lymphoma and can vary greatly in behaviour, from slow-growing (indolent) types, such as follicular lymphoma and MZL, which may not require immediate action, to aggressive forms, such as DLBCL and Burkitt lymphoma, which require immediate treatment.
- Understanding the specific subtype of NHL is critical because it directly influences the treatment approach. For example, aggressive lymphomas such as DLBCL often require intensive chemotherapy, while indolent lymphomas may be preserved with a “watch and wait” approach or less aggressive treatments. Identifying subtypes helps healthcare providers tailor treatment plans to meet each patient’s unique needs, improving outcomes and quality of life.
- Hodgkin lymphoma: This type is recognized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, which are large abnormal cells that can be identified under a microscope. Hodgkin lymphoma is known for its predictable design of spread, and, more importantly, its treatment options often lead to long-term remissions. This has made Hodgkin lymphoma one of the most curable forms of cancer, with a variety of effective therapies available.
- Waldenström macroglobulinemia: Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in which specific white blood cells called plasma cells begin to produce out of control due to changes in their DNA. These abnormal cells can produce too much of an immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody. Too much IgM can cause the blood to thicken, leading to complications such as vision problems, dizziness, and bleeding problems (Gertz, 2023, 348-358).
In 2024, approximately 89,190 people in the United States are expected to be diagnosed with lymphoma, including approximately 8,570 cases of Hodgkin lymphoma and 80,620 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society 2024).
If you or someone you know is facing a diagnosis of lymphoma. Many treatment options are available and ongoing research continues to improve patient outcomes.
Many Myeloma
Manifold myeloma is a thoughtful of blood cancer affecting plasma cells. A white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies that help fight infections. In multiple myeloma, abnormal plasma cells shape up in the bone marrow, thronging healthy cells and causing complications such as bone damage, anaemia, and kidney problems (Cowan et al. 2022, 464-477). Multiple myeloma involves cancerous plasma cells that do not function properly. There are currently an estimated 168,234 people in the United States living with or in remission from myeloma (The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, 2024).
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs)
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a collection of rare blood cancers in which the bone marrow (the spongy matter inside the bones that produces blood cells) begins to create too many blood cells.
Symptoms and problems can vary greatly depending on the overproduced blood cell type. This can lead to a variety of problems, including blood clots. Bleeding problems, and an increased risk of other conditions, such as bone marrow fibrosis (scarring) and, in some cases, progression to acute leukaemia (Greenfield et al. 2021, 1-18). An estimated 120,761 people in the United States live with or in remission from MPN (The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society 2024).
Below is a more detailed description of the main types of MPN:
- Essential thrombocythemia (ET): This disease causes excessive production of platelets, the cells accountable for blood clotting. Too many platelets can lead to dangerous blood clots or bleeding problems if the platelets are abnormal.
- Myelofibrosis: Myelofibrosis is a more severe form of MPN in which scar tissue forms in the bone marrow, damaging its ability to produce blood cells. This can lead to severe anaemia (a lack of red blood cells), fatigue, and an enlarged spleen as the body tries to compensate for the bone marrow’s dysfunction.
- Polycythemia vera (PV): PV causes an overproduction of red blood cells, making the blood denser and increasing the risk of blood clots. Symptoms may include headache, dizziness, and flushed skin.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) continue a variety of lifeblood cancers caused by malformed or dysfunctional blood cells. This results from the bone marrow’s inability to produce enough healthy blood cells. Leading to severe anaemia, frequent infections, and bleeding problems (Sekeres and Taylor 2022, 872-880). MDS can be considered a precursor to leukaemia because it often involves immature blood cells that can progress to acute myeloid leukaemia. An estimated 60,041 people in the United States are living with MDS or are in remission from the disease (The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, 2024).
Each of these cancers presents unique challenges and treatment needs, but understanding them can help you take an active role in handling your health or supporting someone facing these diagnoses.
What causes blood cancer?
Most blood cancers do not have a specific cause that can be determined. Blood cancer is thought to begin when a mutation occurs in the DNA of blood cells, causing blood cells to grow and accumulate out of control. Although the exact cause of these mutations is not always clear, several factors can increase the risk of developing blood cancer. These include genetic predisposition, a family history of blood cancers, exposure to radiation, and contact with certain hazardous chemicals. For example, exposure to Agent Orange. Benzene, and other industrial chemicals (such as pesticides, herbicides, formaldehyde. Toluene, and arsenic) has been linked to an increased risk of blood cancers (Howell et al., 2022). Most patients who develop blood cancers do not have a specific exposure that can be determined.
Some factors associated with specific types of blood cancer are described in detail below:
- Leukemia and myeloma: These types may be related to genetic factors, previous cancer treatments, or exposure to high heights of radiation and chemicals such as benzene.
- Lymphoma: Factors include a weakened immune system. Rheumatic diseases (such as Sjögren’s syndrome), certain viral infections (such as Epstein-Barr virus), and possibly exposure to pesticides or herbicides.
- Myeloproliferative neoplasms: This may be related to genetic mutations. Such as changes in the JAK2 gene, which can affect the manufacture of blood cells.
- Myelodysplastic syndromes: MDS may be associated with genetic abnormalities, previous chemotherapy or radiation therapy, and exposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene and heavy metals, which can damage the DNA of blood cells.
Reducing contact to known risk factors (such as avoiding tobacco, limiting contact with harmful chemicals, and upholding a healthy lifestyle) can help reduce risk.
Blood Cancer Symptoms
Blood cancer can cause a wide diversity of symptoms, which vary depending on the type and stage of the disease. Some common signs and symptoms include:
- Persistent fever or chills
- Prolonged fatigue and weakness
- Unexplained weight loss
- Night sweats
- Bone or joint pain
- Abdominal discomfort or swelling
- Frequent infections
- Difficulty breathing
- Itchy skin or rash
- Swollen lymph nodes in the collar, armpits, or mole
- Mysterious bruising
It is important to remember that these symptoms are not unique to blood cancer and can be a sign of many other conditions. This can make blood cancers challenging to diagnose. Many people with blood cancer report that their symptoms were initially mistaken for those of other common diseases.
If you are experiencing these symptoms and feel like something is wrong. You must advocate for yourself and seek medical evaluation. Trust your instincts, and don’t hesitate to seek a second opinion. Remember that you are not alone: there is support and resources like the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society can help you navigate your journey.
Diagnosing Blood Cancer
Diagnosing blood cancer classically comprises a sequence of examinations and events to understand the type and extent of the disease. The process usually begins with blood tests. Which amount the levels of different blood cells and may reveal abnormalities that suggest blood cancer. A bone marrow biopsy may be done if blood tests indicate a potential problem. This includes taking a small sample of bone marrow. Usually from the hip bone, to check for cancerous changes directly in the blood-forming tissues.
Diagnostic imaging examinations, such as CT scans or MRIs, are also commonly used. These tests help doctors see if the cancer has spread to other body parts, such as the lymph nodes. Spleen, or other organs (Shadman 2023, 918-932). This process can be tedious, but each test provides crucial information that guides the next steps in individualized care.
Blood Cancer Prognosis and Survival Rates
Over the past few decades. Remarkable progress has been made in survival rates and quality of life for people with blood cancer. Mainly due to advances in treatment. Early diagnosis, and personalized care (The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, 2024). These advances provide hope and underscore the importance of continued research and support in treating blood cancer.
For many types of leukaemia, survival rates for blood cancer have improved dramatically. For example. Children identified with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) have a very encouraging prognosis. With over 92% of children under the age of 15 surviving at least five years after diagnosis. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) also has a high survival rate, with many patients living well beyond five years. Thanks to the success of targeted therapies that recover both longevity and quality of life. Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) has seen some of the most notable advances. Hodgkin lymphoma. Once thought to be fatal within five years. Is now a disease where patients can live whole lives thanks to effective targeted therapies. These advances highlight the power of ongoing research and personalized treatment to transform outcomes for people with blood cancers.
Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable forms of cancer, with many patients achieving long-term remission. The 5-year existence rate for Hodgkin lymphoma is approximately 92% and is even higher (nearly 96%) for those diagnosed before age 50. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma has also seen significant advances, and treatments are continually evolving to provide more options and hope for those affected.
Multiple myeloma, a cancer that primarily affects older adults, has seen significant improvements in its five-year survival rate. Reflecting the impact of new therapies and treatment combinations that are helping people live longer and better.
These advances remind us that each patient’s journey is unique, and while statistics can provide a general perspective. They do not define individual experiences. With early discovery, personalized treatment plans, and a strong support system, there is more reason than ever to have hope. Remember. These numbers are a testament to the incredible progress made and the ongoing efforts to improve outcomes for everyone facing blood cancer. Stay connected to your healthcare team. Lean on your support network, and know that new avenues of hope and care are constantly developing.
Conclusion
Facing a blood cancer diagnosis can be overwhelming, but you don’t have to do it alone. Blood cancer is a complex disease, but with the correct information and a strong support system. You can move forward with power. Organizations like LLS are here to support you, contribution resources, guidance, and a community that understands what you’re going through. From funding life-saving research to providing patient support and advocacy. LLS is dedicated to helping individuals and families every step of the way.
Stay informed and connected to trusted support networks can make a big difference. Lean on your healthcare team, contact support groups, and don’t hesitate to ask queries or seek a second opinion. You are your best advocate, and many people and resources are ready to support you. Together, we can face the challenges of blood cancer with hope, strength, and resilience.